Background and Aim: In ancient times, believing in supernatural forces as wrongful or rightful ghosts was Customary and it was associated with people beliefs. These beliefs have influenced human’ s life and one of the noteworthy professions was medicine. Magical medicine formed, was occurred by sacred, spell, amulet accompany with tools and instrument. Medical magic Cups were used as containers for eating or doing ritual by praying. The present research aims to represent these containers during the Islamic era from two aspects; 1-The effect of rituals on magic Cups; 2-How prayer Cups are used in Iranian social culture. Materials and Methods: The Methodology in the present research is descriptive-analytical method using library and museum references. The method of data analysis was done through sampling in three periods and then the data were analyzed by qualitative method. Findings: Although the historical basis and beliefs continued until the Islamic era, but motifs and concepts have changed because of religious belief. Spiritual values have played a significant role in ritual and religious applications of medical magic. The illustrations have played a role in treatment or ceremonies. Conclusion: Most of the inscriptions have display the application of these containers in different types of illnesses, requesting health and blessing for the owner of the dish or special mores. These types of Cups are due to visual images relates to the concepts of blessing and fertility.

Cups and goblets are two groups of Iron Age pottery in Iran. There are many parallels in shape and usage between the two, thus they can be fixed in a single group. The important difference between them is their height, so that the Cups are usually shorter than the goblets. These wares are indicator of Iron Age I and II, and often found in the cemeteries of this age. Their geographical distribution is vast, and they observed in northwest, north and south slope of Alborz Mountains, central plateau and central Zagros. A total of 344 samples of these Cups and goblets have been excavated and published from Iron Age sites in these regions. This research aims to propose a new typology for the wares and to study their geographical distribution. The main criterion in this typology is the shape of the ware. For this purpose, the complete shape of the ware is divided in four sections, and based on variation and combination of the four sections, some types are defined. Geographical distribution of the types in the different regions is not uniform and harmonious, rather some types are found in all regions and some others are common in some regions. This situation can indicate presence of local tendency in production of the ware.

The ,  ,  , study ,  ,  , of ,  ,  ,  ,  , archeological ,  ,  ,  , documents ,  ,  , during ,  , archaeological excavations has always been a means to discover the relationships, solidarities, and interactions of prehistoric peoples and tribes. As we know, the first empires in human history were established at the beginning of the first millennium BC, when the civilization of the Iron Age of Guilan took place. The three Near East countries i. e, the Urartu, Ilam and Assyrian Empires in the first millennium BC, were the first ones claiming the “, World Empire”, . Urartu was partially succeeded in unifying all of the Armenian plateau (eastern Anatolia) and part of the Transcaucasian. We have very little knowledge of Ilam. However, we have much to learn about Assyria, which was at its peak as the first “, world empire”,to encompass much of the civilized world of the age. The attempt in this article is to respond to two basic questions by studying and analyzing the shape and visual characteristics of the Metal Cups discovered from two given basins, namely Marlik and Hassanloo. First, what are the common aspects of Hassanloo’, s and Marlik’, s Metalwork, and second, what kinds of effect do the specific characteristics of these dishes reflect from the adjacent tribes and contemporary neighbors of Iran. The method of gathering resources has been library (inductive), In so doing, the researcher in this descriptive-analytical research classified and examined twelve samples (two from Hassanloo and ten from Marlik) And he explains the ways they share and differentiate and presented the results into the tables. In this regard, these Cups are first identified and presented in terms of form and content and then body decorations are comparatively shown and identified. Iconic decorations can be examined in two categories: iconic-abstract and iconicnatural. The decorations of the containers studied in this paper are divided into two iconic-abstract including plant, animal, human, and pure abstract motifs consisting of geometric and non-geometric designs. One of the most important findings of this research is the study and comparison of the discovered Metal Cups from the excavations of south of Caspian Sea and Lake Urmia in terms of visual structure, executive technique, method of construction and content of their designs reveal unity and correlation in ethnic, cultural and inter-ethnic roots among inhabitants of the ancient hills of Marlik and Hassanloo in the late second millennium and early first millennium BC. Further reflection on the design of these Cups traces the connections and influences of these ancient regions with the northern Caspian basin and ancient hills located in contemporary southern Russia and the pres-ent Caucasus and areas around Lake Van and the northwest-ern region of present Iran,i. e., the Urartu. It also explains the culture of Lorestan and Silk Kashan from the south and west. Drawn upon the artistic findings and characteristics taken from the discoveries of the Marlik Cemetery, it can also be claimed that these works were influenced by the features of Assyrian art as well as Urartu’, s, especially in Hassanloo and Mannea, one of its allies.

Thickness distribution is one of the important parameters in the sheet Metal forming processes. This paper investigates the forming of flat cylindrical Cups made of steel using the hydrodynamic deep drawing process via experiment and simulation. At first, the process was simulated using the ABAQUS finite element software. Afterward, the results of the finite element simulation are compared with results of the experiments. Comparing the results showed that the thickness distribution and punch force have an acceptable agreement in the experiment and numerical methods. Then, using the validated finite element model, the effect of the process parameters including the friction coefficient between the punch and the sheet, the friction coefficient between the blank holder and the sheet, the corner radius of the punch and the die, as well as the gap between the blank holder and the die on the maximum thinning of the steel Cups have been investigated. Finally, the obtained results revealed that the corner radius zone of the punch is the critical forming zone since the maximum thinning occurs in this region. Also, by increasing the friction coefficient between the sheet and the punch, the maximum thinning decreases by 10% at the corner radius zone of the punch. In addition, by increasing the friction coefficient between the sheet and the blank holder, the maximum thinning increases by 20%. Likewise, by increasing the corner radius of the punch and the die, the maximum thinning decreases by 25%, and also, by increasing the gap between the die and the blank holder, the maximum thinning decreases by 10%.